India’s Foreign Policy under Narendra Modi: Continuity, Change, and Strategic Ambition

Abstract

India’s foreign policy under Prime Minister Narendra Modi reflects a dynamic blend of continuity and change, marked by a more assertive pursuit of national interests and an ambition to elevate India’s global stature. While core principles such as strategic autonomy, non-alignment in practice, and regional stability remain intact, Modi’s tenure has introduced significant shifts in diplomatic style, outreach, and strategic priorities. His government has emphasized proactive engagement with major powers—including the United States, Russia, and the European Union—while simultaneously strengthening ties with key Indo-Pacific partners such as Japan and Australia. This approach aligns with India’s broader objective of balancing China’s growing influence and securing a rules-based regional order. Modi’s foreign policy also demonstrates a renewed emphasis on neighborhood diplomacy through initiatives like “Neighbourhood First” and regional connectivity projects, though challenges with Pakistan and evolving tensions with China complicate this vision. The government’s use of soft power—leveraging India’s cultural heritage, diaspora networks, and global development initiatives—has been complemented by a readiness to employ hard power, when necessary, as seen in responses to border conflicts and terrorism. Additionally, India’s leadership in multilateral forums such as the G20, BRICS, and the Quad underscores its aspiration to shape global governance and champion Global South concerns. Modi’s foreign policy thus embodies a more confident and ambitious India—one willing to assert its interests, expand strategic partnerships, and craft a distinct identity in an increasingly multipolar world. This study analyzes the interplay of continuity and innovation in Modi’s diplomatic approach and assesses its implications for India’s long-term strategic trajectory.