RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary

Rethinking Expenditure Classifications in India: Beyond the “Non-Developmental” Paradigm

Manisha Kundu — 2025-12-15

This paper critically examines the traditional classifications of government expenditure in India, particularly the separation between “developmental” and “non-developmental” spending. Introduced during the early planning era, these categories reflected the priorities of centralized economic planning but have since become inadequate in a welfare-oriented, rights-based, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)-driven governance framework. The paper argues that the term “non-developmental expenditure” carries normative bias, undervalues essential governance and welfare functions, and is inconsistent with international standards such as the IMF’s Government Finance Statistics (GFS) and the UN’s Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG). It highlights how such outdated classifications distort policy debates and hinder evidence-based fiscal analysis. The paper then reviews recent Indian expenditure reforms—including the abolition of Plan/Non-Plan expenditure, the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, and outcome budgeting—and explores state-level innovations such as SDG-linked and programme-based budgeting. It concludes by advocating for modern, functional, and outcome-oriented frameworks of classification that align with global practices and better capture the multidimensional goals of fiscal policy in contemporary India.

JEL Codes: H50, H61, H72, O23.

Automated Bottle Filling System Controlled by DELTAPLC DVP14SS2

C. J Albin — 2025-12-15

A delta DVP14SS2 PLC-based automated bottle filling system was built, run, and assessed in this paper. It uses photoelectric sensors, a conveyor with a DC gear motor, and a relay-controlled pump to fill bottles accurately and consistently at a low cost using an automated, automated bottle filling technique with photosensor inputs and actuator outputs through ladder logic programming in WPLSoft. It allows for real-time control of sensors and actuators with very little human input. This cost-effective solution has been successfully implemented, demonstrating the feasibility of compact PLC-based automation in micro-manufacturing applications and providing a reusable and scalable alternative/cost-effective alternative for small liquid packaging applications.

Early Language Development in 3–6-Year-Olds: Influence of Classroom Environment and Teacher Talk

Chiranjibi Behera — 2025-12-15

Early language development forms the foundation of children’s later literacy, academic achievement, and socio-emotional growth. This study examined how classroom environment quality and teacher talk quality influence language development among 576 children aged 3–6 years attending ECCE programmes in India. A cross-sectional design was used, and data were collected through standardized assessments of children’s language development, structured classroom observations, and parent–teacher perception measures. Results showed significant positive associations between classroom environment quality and language development (r = .64, p < .001) and a stronger association for teacher talk quality (r = .71, p < .001). Hierarchical regression analysis revealed teacher talk quality as the strongest independent predictor, explaining nearly 50% of the variance in language outcomes (β = .54, p < .001), even after controlling for age, gender, and parental occupation. Classroom environment quality also contributed significantly, though to a lesser extent. Contextual factors such as parental occupation and parent opinion did not independently predict language outcomes when classroom and teacher variables were considered. These findings highlight the central role of teacher language practices in shaping early language development and underscore the need for stronger teacher training, language-rich classroom practices, and ECCE quality enhancement in the Indian context.

Indo– Russian Relations – An Overview

R. N. Mareppagoudra — 2025-12-15

Indo–Russian relations represent one of the most enduring and significant partnerships in international politics rooted in mutual trust, strategic convergence, and shared historical experiences. Since the signing of the Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation in 1971, India and Russia have developed a robust relationship encompassing political, defense, economic, scientific, and cultural dimensions. During the Cold War, the then Soviet Union emerged as India’s principal strategic partner, supporting India on key geopolitical issues and contributing substantially to its industrial and defense capabilities. In the post-Cold War era, despite systemic changes and Russia’s initial internal challenges, bilateral ties were revitalized through the declaration of a “Strategic Partnership” in 2000, later elevated to a “Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership.” Defense cooperation remains the cornerstone of the relationship, with Russia being a major supplier of military hardware and a partner in joint production and technology transfer. At the same time, cooperation has expanded into areas such as nuclear energy, space research, hydrocarbons, pharmaceuticals, and regional and multilateral forums including BRICS, SCO, and the G20. While new global alignments and geopolitical pressures pose challenges, Indo–Russian relations continue to adapt, reflecting shared interests in a multipolar world order and strategic autonomy.

The Role of Women in Electoral Politics in India (2014–2024): Participation, Representation, and Policy Impact

Sandeep Kumar — 2025-12-15

This paper explores the changing landscape of women’s electoral participation and representation in India from 2014 to 2024. Despite constitutional commitments and incremental improvements in female voter turnout, women remain underrepresented in legislative bodies. The study draws on election data, party manifestos, parliamentary records, and recent legal reforms, particularly the 2023 Women’s Reservation Bill. It highlights the socio-political challenges women face as candidates and leaders and evaluates policy impact areas where women legislators have made a difference. The paper concludes with strategic recommendations to transform symbolic representation into substantive equality in Indian electoral politics.

Pedagogical Strategies for the Development of Computational Thinking in School Education

Sneha Joseph — 2025-12-15

Computational Thinking is one of the fundamental skills, for present dynamic society and our recent educational documents advocates the integration of CT into the school curriculum, keeping in view the vision of society and education. It is essential to identify the ways to integrate computational thinking in school curriculum. This study employs a narrative review method and attempts to identify different strategies that can useful in school education to develop computational thinking. The identified strategies include project-based learning, problem-based learning, game-based learning, guided discovery method, scientific inquiry method, design-based learning and activity-based method. The analysis of different studies also revealed that the integration of two or more methods can also be done for providing multi-dimensional experiences to diverse learners. These strategies should be implemented with proper contextualization and technology integration. The strategies should also provide opportunities for students for designing and refining learning resources, along with using them for learning. This study can guide curricular and pedagogical innovations in school education and teacher education to design an inclusive and democratic learning environment along with flexible assessment methods with constructive feedback mechanism. This study also has the potential to inform policy formulation and contribute to advancing future inter-, intra-, and multidisciplinary research initiatives.

Designing Purposeful Play: Structuring Bagless Day Activities with Educational Toys to Develop Practical Life Skills and Vocational Awareness

B Shyam Sundar — 2025-12-15

One of the recommendations of National Education Policy 2020 advocates a 10-day bagless period for grades 6–8 to learn beyond rote memorisation, which is aligned with the global trend towards competency-based education. However, without a framework, this initiative risks becoming an unproductive academic break. To address this implementation gap, this article proposes the "Purposeful Play Framework", a conceptual model that uses educational toys to teach practical life skills and develop early vocational awareness. The framework's methodology is grounded on four interdependent principles: 1) Objective-Oriented Design, ensuring every activity focuses on specific life skills and career exposure; 2) Thematic Modules, which connect different subjects through projects; 3) Four-Stage Activity Cycle (Explore, Challenge, Create, Reflect) that is similar to the experiential learning process; and 4) Assessment for Learning, which uses formative techniques like observational rubrics to track progress without academic pressure. With the help of the illustrative modules of NCERT themes (like the 5+5 or 3+3+3+1 models), the paper supports the idea that a systematic approach helps in transforming play into effective learning. It shows how structured, toy-based activities can effectively bridge the gap between abstract concepts and their practical application, which can develop 21st-century competencies such as critical thinking, collaboration, and creative problem-solving. This approach makes learning joyful and significantly contributes to student well-being by reducing academic stress. The paper concludes by highlighting the extensive implications of this framework, especially how the teacher’s role needs to shift from being a "sage on the stage" to a "guide on the side" who acts as a facilitator, a learning partner and a coach who asks great questions. Capacity-building workshops are crucial to the success of the bagless day policy. For this policy to work nationwide, the teacher training institutes must train student-teachers to guide and use toys for learning.

Origin and Development Dhuprodi Music of Pakhawaj

Kumud Ranjan Paul — 2025-12-15

Pakhawaj is an original and traditional musical instrument of India. From ancient time we find different Gharanas of Pakhawaj and those Gharanas had their own importance in the musical field. Now-a-days, those Gharanas are going to be obsolete in lack of proper preservation. I wish to find the chief characteristics of playing styles along with the Bols of different Pakhawaj Gharanas of India. But, before entering into my actual research project as stated above, it is necessary to discuss in short about the Origin and Development of Pakhawaj from ancient to modern times. I have collected informations with regard to the Origin and Development of Pakhawaj instrument. For this purpose.

The Illusion of Empowerment: Materialism and Distortion of Agency in Sudha Murty’s Dollar Bahu

Prashasti Menon — 2025-12-15

Sudha Murty’s Dollar Bahu presents a critical examination of the 'illusion of empowerment' within the context of Indian families navigating globalization and the allure of material wealth. This study analyzes how the novel portrays the deceptive nature of empowerment when it is primarily defined by economic success, particularly through migration to the United States. By examining the transformative journeys of characters, the research reveals how the pursuit of financial stability can overshadow emotional and cultural values, leading to emotional detachment and the erosion of familial bonds. This paper argues that Dollar Bahu challenges the notion that material achievement equates to genuine empowerment, highlighting the discrepancies between perceived and actual agency. The novel underscores the complexities of portraying female empowerment in a globalized context, contributing to a broader understanding of the paradoxical nature of empowerment within Sudha Murty’s literary works.

The Contribution of the Banaskantha Region to the National Movement

Navinbhai Narabatabhai Ghanchi — 2025-12-15

Between 1920 and 1942, three major national movements—the Non-Cooperation Movement, the Civil Disobedience Movement, and the Quit India Movement—left a deep imprint on the socio-political history of the Banaskantha region. These movements began under the leadership and ideas of Gandhiji, and the people of Banaskantha transformed them into mass movements. The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22) brought the first wave of national awakening to the region. Programmes such as khadi, indigenous education, removal of untouchability, and opposition to revenue policies united society. The guidance of local leaders such as Poonamchand Parikh was significant in this process. During the Civil Disobedience struggle (1930–34), local people collectively challenged the British monopoly by carrying out mass actions at the salt pans of the region. Communities such as the Rabari and Bharwad emerged as leaders of the movement. Volunteers from this region also participated in the satyagraha at Viramgam. The Quit India Movement (1942) brought about unprecedented social unity in this region. Under the call of “Do or Die,” all sections such as Rajputs, Patels, Jains, Harijans, Muslims, and others came together. Leaders like Ravishankar Maharaj organized meetings in villages to take the movement to the people. Thus, Banaskantha not only participated in the national movement but also provided an active, organized, and dedicated base for it. The people’s power of this region, in harmony with Gandhiji’s philosophy of non-violence, infused the freedom struggle with new energy and wider reach.

Abstract in Gujarati Language: ૧૯૨૦ થી ૧૯૪૨ના સમયગાળામાં થયેલી ત્રણ મુખ્ય રાષ્ટ્રીય ચળવળો – અસહકાર, સવિનય કાનૂનભંગ અને હિંદછોડો – એ બનાસકાંઠા પ્રદેશના સામાજિક-રાજકીય ઇતિહાસમાં ઊંડી છાપ છોડી છે. આંદોલનોની શરૂઆત ગાંધીજીના વિચારો અને નેતૃત્વથી થઈ અને બનાસકાંઠાની જનતાએ તેને એક જનઆંદોલનનું સ્વરૂપ આપ્યું. અસહકારની ચળવળ (૧૯૨૦-૨૨) દ્વારા પ્રદેશમાં પહેલવહેલી રાષ્ટ્રીય જાગૃતિ આવી. ખાદી, સ્વદેશી શિક્ષણ, અસ્પૃશ્યતા નિવારણ અને મહેસૂલ વિરોધ જેવા કાર્યક્રમોએ સમાજને એકસૂત્રે બાંધ્યો. સ્થાનિક નેતાઓ જેમ કે પૂનમચંદ પરીખનું માર્ગદર્શન અહીં મહત્વપૂર્ણ રહ્યું. સવિનય કાનૂનભંગની લડત (૧૯૩૦-૩૪) દરમ્યાન પ્રદેશના મીઠાના અગરો પર સ્થાનિક લોકોએ સામૂહિક હલ્લો કરી બ્રિટિશ એકાધિકારને સીધો પડકાર આપ્યો. રબારી, ભરવાડ જેવા સમાજો આંદોલનના અગ્રણી બન્યા. વિરમગામના સત્યાગ્રામમાં પણ અહીંના સ્વયંસેવકોએ ભાગ લીધો. હિંદછોડો ચળવળ (૧૯૪૨) એ આ પ્રદેશમાં અભૂતપૂર્વ સામાજિક એકતા સાધી. 'કરેંગે યા મરેંગે'ના આહ્વાન હેઠળ રાજપૂત, પટેલ, જૈન, હરિજન, મુસ્લિમ વગેરે બધા વર્ગો એકજૂથ થયા. રવિશંકર મહારાજ જેવાએ ગામેગામ સભાઓ ભરી આંદોલનને લોકો સુધી પહોંચાડ્યું. આમ, બનાસકાંઠાએ રાષ્ટ્રીય ચળવળમાં માત્ર સહભાગી જ નહીં, પણ એક સક્રિય, સંગઠિત અને નિષ્ઠાવાન કાર્યભૂમિ પૂરી પાડી. અહીંની લોકશક્તિએ ગાંધીજીના અહિંસક દર્શન સાથે મિલન કરીને સ્વાતંત્ર્યસંગ્રામને નવી ઊર્જા અને વ્યાપકતા આપી.

Keywords: બનાસકાંઠા, રાષ્ટ્રીય ચળવળ, સવિનય કાનૂનભંગ, હિંદછોડો આંદોલન, સામાજિક એકતા

Leadership Qualities and Interpersonal Skills among Science and Arts Graduates

Lizmitha Godwin — 2025-12-15

Leadership is always multifaceted which combines lot of qualities; it’s the ability to make decisions, effective communication and building healthy relations. Leader should instill team spirit, cooperation which in turn lead to success of the leadership. Leader should control, supervise and guide. The study entitled Leadership qualities and interpersonal skills among science and arts graduates were undertaken among students. The sample were male and female, the size of sample was one hundred. The subjects had the experience of leadership either in school or had enacted the role of team leader. Most of the sample was female and all of them preferred the democratic style of leadership. Positive attitude, self-confidence, team spirit, willingness and the ability to work in team was found to be more the qualities possessed by the sample. Subjects were mostly cooperative and supportive in their character. More than half of the sample was bold and competitive. Interpersonal skills were also observed among the subjects. As a students group they are capable of performing well. Leadership qualities need to be polished by proper training. This can help in producing quality leaders to the institutions. Thus, aids in establishing efficient output from institutions.

The Dynamics of the Indian Joint Family: A Study of Cultural Heritage and Social Changes

Ramkrishna Saha — 2025-12-15

The joint family system is one of the oldest and most enduring social institutions in many parts of the world. It is a complex web of relationships that extends beyond the nuclear unit of parents and children to include multiple generations and relatives living under a single roof, sharing a common kitchen, and functioning as a single economic unit. The Indian joint family system is one of the world's oldest and most stable social structures. It is based on the values of unity, respect, and interdependence that are at the heart of Indian culture. This paper examines the joint family not only as a socio-economic arrangement but also as a reservoir of cultural heritage and moral order. Through an extensive review of sociological and anthropological literature the study explores its historical roots, traditional characteristics and gradual transformation in the face of modernization, urbanization and globalization. Despite the structural fragmentation and the growing prevalence of the nuclear families the ideals of kinship solidarity, mutual support and shared responsibility continue to persist. The findings suggest that the Indian joint family system though evolving but retains its vitality as a dynamic institution capable of adaptation and resilience in a changing social landscape.

Vaccination in Pediatric Autoimmune Neuromuscular Disorders: Current evidence-based recommendations

S Kiruthika — 2025-12-15

Pediatric acquired inflammatory immune-mediated neuromuscular disorders include Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP), Acute mononeuropathies (Bell’s palsy and Optic Neuritis), and Myasthenia Gravis (MG). This narrative review collates relevant evidence up to November 2025 on vaccine safety and immunogenicity/efficacy profile in these disorders. Level and grade of evidence is documented, and current recommendations for immunization are summarised. Per current recommendations, despite the small attributable risk of GBS, Influenza vaccination is strongly advocated. GBS is a precaution for subsequent vaccination, only if GBS had ensued within the 42-day period following Tetanus toxoid containing, Influenza, Adenoviral vector COVID-19 (Vaxzevria/Covishield^TM have a higher risk of GBS similar to natural infection) and two adult licensed Respiratory Syncytial Virus vaccines- Arexvy®(GSK) and Abrysvo®(Pfizer), but not mRESVIA^TM (Moderna). In CIDP patients, while overall potential benefits of vaccination outweigh the risk of relapse, vaccines against influenza, tetanus, SARS-CoV-2 and pneumococci could be considered with caution. There is no current evidence of causality or aggravation of acute mononeuropathies with administration of any vaccine. For MG patients, live attenuated vaccines are best avoided within 4 weeks of immunosuppressive therapy commencement. Prednisolone (or equivalent) <2 mg/kg/day or <20 mg/day, azathioprine ≤3.0 mg/kg/day or 6-mercaptopurine ≤1.5 mg/kg/day are not significantly immunosuppressive doses, or contraindications to any vaccine. Vaccines, except Influenza vaccine, should be avoided within six months following Rituximab therapy. In May 2025, FDA approved expanded use of Eculizumab (human terminal complement C5 inhibitor) for pediatric patients ≥6 years with anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody positive generalized MG. Meningococcal Conjugate (MenACWY and MenB) vaccine administration should be done at least 2 weeks prior to; and live vaccines, 4 weeks prior to, the first dose of Eculizumab. Vaccination is recommended only 8 weeks after end of Eculizumab treatment.

A study of barriers to the implementation of reverse logistics affecting the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises in Vietnam

Trong Duc Tran — 2025-12-15

Reverse logistics (RL) has emerged as a vital strategy for enhancing sustainability and operational efficiency, particularly in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Despite its benefits, SMEs in emerging economies such as Vietnam often face significant barriers that hinder the effective adoption of RL practices, ultimately affecting financial and environmental performance. Understanding these barriers is essential for designing targeted interventions and promoting sustainable business practices. This study investigates the impact of six key barrier groups, including Technology & Infrastructure, Financial & Economic, Law & Policy, Market & Competitors, Supply Chain Management, and Professional Quality on the adoption of RL practices and firm performance in Vietnamese SMEs. Data were collected from multiple manufacturing sectors, and the relationships among variables were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Importance-Performance Matrix Analysis (IPMA). Twenty hypotheses were formulated to test both direct and indirect effects of these barriers on RL adoption, financial performance, and environmental performance. The results reveal that Financial & Economic, Law & Policy, Market & Competitors, Supply Chain Management, and Technology & Infrastructure barriers significantly reduce RL adoption, which in turn lowers financial and environmental outcomes. Professional Quality, however, was not a significant barrier due to the stable and accessible nature of RL knowledge in Vietnam. Moreover, RL adoption positively contributes to both financial and environmental performance, demonstrating its strategic value for SMEs. IPMA results further prioritize Law & Policy, Market & Competitors, and Financial & Economic barriers as critical areas for intervention. Overall, the study extends the RL barrier framework in emerging economies and provides practical insights for SMEs and policymakers to overcome implementation challenges, thereby enhancing sustainability and firm performance.

Topological Magnetic Phases and Berry Curvature Effects in Engineered Graphene Systems

Monika Bidhan — 2025-12-15

In this research paper, we investigate the emergence of topological magnetic phases and Berry curvature effects in engineered graphene systems. Pristine graphene, although exhibiting remarkable electronic properties such as high carrier mobility and linear Dirac dispersion, is intrinsically nonmagnetic and topologically trivial. To overcome this limitation, we explore the influence of defects, adatom deposition, proximity coupling to magnetic substrates, strain engineering, and enhanced spin–orbit coupling (SOC) on the electronic and magnetic properties of graphene. Using a combination of tight-binding Hamiltonians, density functional theory (DFT), and Wannier-based Berry curvature calculations, we systematically analyze the band structure evolution, magnetic moment formation, and topological invariants under various engineered conditions. Our results show that exchange interaction and SOC induce spin-split Dirac bands and open sizable band gaps, while Berry curvature becomes strongly localized near the K and K′ valleys. These effects lead to quantized anomalous Hall conductivity and valley-polarized transport, signifying the realization of Chern insulating phases. Furthermore, strain and moiré superlattices are found to enhance Berry curvature asymmetry, providing additional tunability of topological properties. The study establishes parameter regimes for stable topological magnetism and highlights engineered graphene as a promising platform for spintronic, valleytronic, and quantum computing applications.

The Vast Vision of Nature and Indian Culture in the Poetry of Naresh Mehta

Techi Upen Tara — 2025-12-15

In the poetry of Naresh Mehta, the depiction of nature is not merely aesthetic but is deeply connected with a vast philosophical vision and Indian cultural consciousness. In the Indian poetic tradition, nature has served as the foundation of life and culture, a perspective that Naresh Mehta re-established with modern sensitivity. In his poetry, nature appears as an independent entity that harmonizes with human life, values, ethics, and spiritual awareness. He does not confine nature to rivers, mountains, trees, or the sky; rather, he perceives it as an integrated form of time, creation, life and death, and human experience. The sun, sunlight, rain, moonlight, trees, and seasons emerge in his poetry as symbols of love, separation, memory, and cultural awareness. Naresh Mehta’s vision of nature powerfully presents the sage-like perspective of Indian culture even within the contexts of modern life.

Abstract in Hindi Language: नरेश मेहता के काव्य में प्रकृति का चित्रण केवल सौंदर्यात्मक न होकर विराट दर्शन और भारतीय सांस्कृतिक चेतना से गहराई से जुड़ा हुआ है। भारतीय काव्य-परंपरा में प्रकृति जीवन और संस्कृति की आधारभूमि रही है, जिसे नरेश मेहता ने आधुनिक संवेदना के साथ पुनः प्रतिष्ठित किया है। उनके काव्य में प्रकृति स्वतंत्र सत्ता के रूप में उपस्थित है, जो मनुष्य के जीवन, उसके संस्कार, नैतिकता और आध्यात्मिक चेतना से तादात्म्य स्थापित करती है। वे प्रकृति को नदी, पर्वत, वृक्ष या आकाश तक सीमित नहीं रखते, बल्कि उसे समय, सृष्टि, जीवन-मरण और मानवीय अनुभूतियों का समग्र रूप मानते हैं। सूर्य, धूप, वर्षा, चाँदनी, वृक्ष और ऋतुएँ उनके काव्य में प्रेम, विरह, स्मृति और सांस्कृतिक बोध के प्रतीक बनकर उभरती हैं। नरेश मेहता का प्रकृति-दर्शन आधुनिक जीवन के संदर्भों में भी भारतीय संस्कृति की ऋषि-दृष्टि को सशक्त रूप में प्रस्तुत करता है।

Keywords: नरेश मेहता, प्रकृति-दर्शन, भारतीय संस्कृति, आधुनिक हिंदी कविता, सांस्कृतिक चेतना

Impact of Clinical Nursing Pathway on Patient satisfaction among Heart Failure Care: A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial

G Kanchana — 2025-12-15

Worldwide, HF is a prevalent condition with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. CHF, which is thought to affect 26 million people globally, lowers functional ability, raises healthcare expenditures, and has a major negative impact on quality of life.1The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Clinical Nursing Pathway on Satisfaction of heart failure patient at Selected Hospitals, Chennai. Methods: The effect of the clinical nursing pathway on patient satisfaction in a few hospitals in Chennai, India, was evaluated with 200 patients (100 in the Standard Care and 100 Intervention) utilizing a non-randomized controlled trial (a quasi-experimental research method). Participants were recruited using a consecutive sampling technique. The Institutional Ethics Committee provided ethical approval. Data was collected using patients’ demographic variables, clinical variables, and patient satisfaction data with Nursing Care Quality Questionnaire.² Results: The majority of heart failure patients were aged 60 years and above (71%, 76%), males (68%,67%), married (96%,96%), moderate workers (56%,58%). 66%, 67% patients were classified as NYHA class two had cardiac causes were the primary precipitating factor for heart failure in (88%,83%) the standard care & intervention group. Statistically significant difference was observed in Global Satisfaction Scores between the standard care group (58.27 / 92 ± 3.87) and the intervention group (84.48 / 92 ± 4.62) at p < 0.001 after the clinical nursing pathway. Conclusion: When compared to normal care, the use of a Clinical Nursing Pathway in heart failure care significantly increased patient satisfaction. Patients in the intervention group reported significantly better Global Satisfaction Scores, indicating the importance of structured, pathway-based nurse interventions in improving the quality of care.

Per Oral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM): A Case-Based Approach to Perioperative Nursing Care

Sangita Paul — 2025-12-15

Per oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is now recognized as a standard therapeutic option for primary achalasia. Since, its introduction in Japan in 2008, the procedure has gained widespread acceptance and has been endorsed by the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. In UK, the first successful POEM was carried out a King’s College Hospital in November 2013¹. Per oral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM) is an advanced minimally invasive endoscopic procedure used in the treatment of esophageal motility disorder, particularly achalasia cardia. This procedure involves endoscopic creation of a submucosal tunnel followed by selective myotomy of the esophageal circular muscle fibers to relieve functional obstruction at the lower esophageal sphincter ². POEM has gained wide acceptance due to its effectiveness, reduced surgical trauma, and shorter recovery period compared to conventional surgical approaches ³. This abstract highlights the clinical aspects of POEM along with the importance of comprehensive nursing care in the pre-procedural and post-procedural phases. A 27-year-old male patient came to gastroenterology department with a compliant of difficulty in swallowing for 4-5 years to both solids and liquids, and has increased in 2-3 years, associated with regurgitation of foods and increased on lying down. He also has a history of weight loss of about 10kgs in 4-5 months. The patient had no history of any comorbidities. On examination, patient was conscious coherent and oriented with stable vital signs. Patient underwent a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation for swallowing difficulty, Barium swallow revealed an esophageal dilated with “Rat Tail” appearance in the GEJ, Upper GI endoscopy, resistance was felt beyond GEJ, with a query of esophageal motility disorder, Esophageal manometry confirmed Type1 Achalasia, Blood report revealed hypokalemia, which he had received IV corrections. Based on the confirmed diagnosis patient underwent an endoscopic surgical procedure Per oral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM), Which was identified as the most effective intervention to relieve his symptoms.

Denied Speech and Enforced Silence: Subaltern Female Subjectivity in Meena Kandasamy’s When I Hit You

Manohar Kumar — 2025-12-15

Meena Kandasamy’s When I Hit You (2017) is examined as a narrative that foregrounds the systematic denial of speech and the production of enforced silence within marital patriarchy. Mobilising subaltern theory—particularly Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak’s formulation of the subaltern’s structural inability to speak—the analysis demonstrates that the female protagonist’s voice is foreclosed not through muteness but through the violent invalidation of speech itself. Acts of explanation, denial, or rational dialogue repeatedly precipitate further abuse, converting language into a liability rather than a means of self-articulation. Marriage emerges as a discursive and disciplinary apparatus in which interpretive authority is monopolised, and everyday practices of accusation, surveillance, and correction consolidate control. Within this framework, silence functions not as passive absence but as a coerced condition produced through epistemic and bodily violence. The domestic sphere operates as a micro-regime of power that regulates conduct and meaning, resonating with Michel Foucault’s conception of discipline and normalization at the level of everyday life. While spoken resistance within marriage is rendered futile, the narrative act of writing reconfigures agency beyond the immediacy of violence. Testimony, displaced from the marital space, enables the reconstitution of subjectivity and exposes the mechanisms that silence women. By situating subalternity within the intimate institution of marriage, the reading extends postcolonial feminist discourse beyond public and institutional sites of domination. When I Hit You is thus positioned as a counter-archive that documents how patriarchal power produces silence while simultaneously revealing how narrative articulation recuperates subaltern female subjectivity.

Impact of Story Mapping Strategy on Comprehension Ability among School Going Children

I. Safreena — 2025-12-15

A child’s emotional and intellectual development depends greatly on their ability to understand what they read. Strong reading skills help learners achieve long-term academic achievement. The story map technique is widely used in academic as a powerful method to enhance students’ comprehension and interpretative skills. Methodology: One group pre test post test design was adopted. The research was conducted among 50 students in Brotherhood Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Chennai. The population includes 6thstd children in 2 sections. Convenience sampling technique was used for the study. Intervention: Self structured questionnaire on moral story - Importance of values and good habits -characters, plots, solution, moral, summary was used for data collection. Results: In pretest, majority of the school going children 31(62%) had moderate comprehensive skill, 10 (20%) had adequate comprehensive skill and 9(18%) had inadequate comprehensive skill; in post test, 46(92%) had adequate comprehensive skill and 4(8%) had moderate comprehensive skill. There was significant association with the demographic variable - did you read any books other than subject books had shown statistically significant association. Conclusion: Pediatric Nurses play a key role in identifying comprehension difficulties earlier and guide in interventions to enhance children learning skills and development.

Embracing Autonomy: Are Students of Autonomous Colleges Satisfied?

Akankshya Pramanik — 2025-12-15

In higher education, autonomy is commonly seen as a way to improve academic quality and stakeholder satisfaction, especially student satisfaction. The current study looks at students' satisfaction levels in Odisha's autonomous colleges. Data were gathered from 400 students chosen by proportionate stratified random sampling from 14 autonomous colleges using a descriptive survey design. Data was gathered using a 40-item, self-developed Students' Satisfaction Scale. With a Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of 0.979, the instrument showed excellent reliability. To interpret the data, percentage analysis was used. According to the results, students are moderately to highly satisfied with faculty members in terms of their ability to teach effectively, their readiness, their communication skills, and their approachability. However, there are conflicting results regarding how satisfied students are with the facilities and support provided by the institution. Placement services, research opportunities, co-curricular activities, laboratory infrastructure, and internet facilities are reported to cause significant dissatisfaction, despite the positive perceptions of academic resources, practical exposure, seminars, and policy transparency. The study comes to the conclusion that, despite autonomy's beneficial effects on academic processes, its full potential is still underutilised because of infrastructure and support-related constraints. To increase student satisfaction in autonomous colleges, institutional facilities and career-oriented support services must be strengthened.

TPACK-LK (Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge with Learner Knowledge) of Pre-Service Teachers: A Systematic Review

Joy Prakash Deb — 2025-12-15

The incorporation of technology in the educational scenario has required a deeper comprehension of how pre-service teachers develop Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK), mainly when added with Learner Knowledge (LK). A systematic review is a process that examines the present state of TPACK-LK research, mainly focusing on its involvement in pre-service teacher education. In this paper, some key areas were identified, such as the development and validation of TPACK, its path of contextual influences and futuristic advancements such as ICT and AI in the scenario of teacher training. The study synthesizes empirical findings to reveal how preservice teachers acquire and apply TPACK-LK, the barriers they face, and the pedagogical innovations that support their development. A rigorous methodology was employed to select and analyze relevant studies, ensuring a comprehensive overview of the field. Results highlight the importance of tailored training programs, the role of practical experiences, and the need for adaptive assessment tools. While progress has been made in understanding. TPACK-LK, gaps remain in addressing diverse teaching contexts and the dynamic interplay between technology and learner-centred pedagogy. The review concludes with recommendations for future research, emphasising the alignment of theoretical frameworks with classroom realities and the potential of AI-driven interventions. By consolidating existing knowledge, this work provides a foundation for advancing TPACK-LK research and improving preservice teacher preparation in technology-enhanced learning environments.

Corporate Governance and Financial Performance: A Cross-Sectional Study based on Nifty 50 Companies

C V Purushotham — 2025-12-15

Due to rising financial scams around the world, corporate governance has got prominence and has become one of the important aspects treated on par with financial information while evaluating an investment. The present study is an effort in examining the relationship between corporate governance and financial performance of Nifty 50 companies using the data for a period of one year from April 1, 2024 to march 31, 2025. The study considered return on equity (ROE) and return on asset (ROA) as proxies for financial performance. Independent sample T-test and linear regression techniques were used for data analysis. The analysis revealed insignificant relationship between corporate governance and financial performance.

A Mathematical Model for Atmospheric Pollutant Dispersion Incorporating Variable Wind Fields and Deposition Processes

Ashutosh Kumar Upadhyay — 2025-12-15

Atmospheric pollutant dispersion arises from the combined effects of advection, turbulent diffusion, and removal mechanisms such as dry and wet deposition, all of which interact within the complex structure of the atmospheric boundary layer. While classical advection–diffusion formulations typically assume constant wind fields, empirical observations indicate that wind speed varies significantly with height and distance, particularly within the planetary boundary layer. In this work, a comprehensive mathematical model grounded in gradient transport theory is developed to examine pollutant dispersion from an elevated point source under distance-dependent horizontal wind velocity and vertically varying mesoscale airflow. The formulation incorporates anisotropic turbulent diffusion, natural removal processes, and deposition at both the ground surface and the mixing height. Through nondimensionalization, Fourier transform techniques, and separation of variables, a closed-form analytical solution is derived in terms of generalized series functions. The resulting model offers a physically realistic and flexible analytical framework that enhances the accuracy of pollutant concentration predictions and supports applications in environmental planning, air-quality forecasting, and health-risk assessment across diverse atmospheric settings.

Festivals of the Lodhas of South-West Bengal: A Historical and Ethnographic Perspective

Narugopal Kaibarta — 2025-12-15

The Lodhas, recognized as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG), represent one of the most marginalized tribal communities in India. Concentrated mainly in the south-western region of West Bengal, especially in Paschim Medinipur district, the Lodhas retain a rich corpus of ritual traditions closely associated with forest ecology, agriculture, disease control, and ancestral belief systems. This paper examines the major festivals of the Lodhas from a historical and ethnographic standpoint, emphasizing their religious significance, socio-economic functions, and cultural resilience. Based primarily on secondary sources, census reports, and classical anthropological studies, the article argues that Lodha festivals serve as crucial instruments for social cohesion, ecological adaptation, and cultural continuity amidst increasing socio-economic transformation.

Comparative Study of the Aristotle Universal and Vaisesika’s Universal

Monika Singha — 2025-12-15

This study compares and contrasts the use of the term “universal” in Aristotle’s metaphysics with that of the Vaiśeṣika school of Indian philosophy. Although they develop from different ontological and epistemological traditions, universals play a vital role in both traditions as explanation principles for sameness, categorization, and knowledge. In Aristotle’s view, universals (katholou) are not separate from but rather realized inside particular objects; they are immanent in all things and can be understood by mental abstraction. The Vaiśeṣika school of thought, on the other hand, holds that there are actual, everlasting beings called universals (sāmānya) that are present in all substances and have common attributes. This view was formalized by Kaṇāda and subsequent commentators. The study emphasizes that Aristotle’s moderate realism refrains from treating universals as distinct things, but Vaiśeṣika presents a strong realist theory based on the principle of inherence (samavāya). By contrasting different views, the article clarifies how realists, abstract thinkers, and those with strong metaphysical convictions approach the issue of universals. The examination further shows that the conceptualization of universal truth varies among traditions due to cultural and methodological factors. By elucidating the similarities and differences between the Aristotelian and Vaiśeṣika conceptions of universals, the study ultimately adds to the ongoing conversation on metaphysics across cultures.

Inner Ghosts: Psychological Gothic in Ruskin Bond Compared with British Gothic Subjectivity

Reshmi Khatun — 2025-12-15

This article examines the idea of psychological Gothic by comparing the works of Ruskin Bond with the canon of British Gothic subjectivity. Finding the Gothic within the human mind, the study goes beyond traditional Gothic themes like haunted castles and otherworldly terror to demonstrate that both traditions internalize fear. Writings of British Gothic authors like Edgar Allan Poe, Robert Louis Stevenson, and Daphne du Maurier portray worries brought about by modernity, morality, and societal restraint through subjectivity characterized by divided selves, repression, guilt, and obsession. Memory, isolation, childhood trauma, and the eerie presence of nature created Ruskin Bond’s darker, more introspective Gothic sensibility. Rather than terrifying monsters, his “ghosts” often take the form of unsettling thoughts, feelings, and unresolved psychological issues. This thesis compares and contrasts the two genres to show how Bond indigenousizes the Gothic style, turning it into an introspective examination of inner life instead of exterior horror. Various cultural settings manage dread, alienation, and selfhood differently, but psychological gothic becomes a shared aesthetic realm, as the study highlights. In the end, the study contends that Ruskin Bond’s writings take Gothic subjectivity to new heights by establishing its foundation in emotional reality, quiet, and mental interiors.

Retirement and Barriers to Survival

P.M. Suresh Kumar — 2025-12-15

In contemporary society, the term 'Retirement' is gaining greater attention than ever before. This has opened up a great deal of controversy, also. Various definitions could be given depending on the perspective adopted. Usually, retirement is a condition where the mind and body are either unable to work or unwilling to work. At a certain age, especially as old age shows up, a person retires. By that age, he or she must have completed vital responsibilities of life, such as educating children, constructing a house, marrying off the children, etc. This strengthens the notion that retirement is a stage in life to relax and be idle. Retirement is associated with fitness to perform work. It is an economically unproductive condition. By this definition, a person can retire anytime, provided they are not seriously intending to work. It is a stage of life with weak physical health and unable to contribute even if he wishes to do so, just because he has become too old. This calls for reorienting social relations and changes in social roles. He is shifted slowly to the back side. Psychologically, retirement is a state of mind characterised by either complete relief from work and responsibilities or passivity in performing work, doing it merely for the sake of the remuneration. Professionals retire at different ages. It depends on the statutory norms in force. Some jobs deprive entitlement just because of discrimination in age. It is just like age defines fitness. Here, an attempt is made to examine retirement as an inevitable condition in life, conceived differently, and the various approaches to understanding it. Some prominent models are discussed, along with the barriers to survival.

Special Intensive Revision as an Electoral Reform Tool in Bihar (2020–2025): Evaluating Its Impact on Voter Registration, Participation, and Governance Outcomes

Virender Kumar — 2025-12-15

This study examines the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls as an electoral reform tool in Bihar between 2020 and 2025, focusing on its impact on voter registration, electoral participation, and governance outcomes. Implemented under the constitutional mandate of the Election Commission of India (ECI), the SIR aimed to enhance the accuracy, inclusiveness, and credibility of electoral rolls in a state characterized by high population mobility, socio-economic vulnerability, and historically contested elections. The exercise assumed particular significance ahead of the 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, during which over 68.6 lakh names were deleted and 21.5 lakh new voters were added, resulting in a substantial reconfiguration of the electorate. While administratively projected as a necessary cleansing of voter lists to eliminate duplication and ineligible entries, the SIR generated intense political and legal scrutiny, with opposition parties alleging disproportionate disenfranchisement of migrants, minorities, and economically marginalized groups. Judicial interventions by the Supreme Court reinforced transparency and procedural safeguards, underscoring the democratic sensitivity of such revisions. Empirically, the 2025 election recorded the highest voter turnout in Bihar since 1951, with women’s participation reaching unprecedented levels, suggesting that aggregate participation was not adversely affected. However, the SIR’s deeper impact lay in reshaping the compositional balance of the electorate, indirectly influencing electoral outcomes and consolidating a decisive mandate for the ruling coalition. The study concludes that while SIR strengthened administrative integrity and governance stability, its contested implementation highlights the need to balance electoral accuracy with inclusivity and public trust in democratic institutions.

A Comparative Study of the Dimensions of Emotional Maturity among Students Studying at the Secondary Level in Government Schools and Saraswati Vidya Mandir Schools

Manju Bala — 2025-12-15

The present research study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the emotional maturity of secondary-level students studying in government schools and Saraswati Vidya Mandir schools. For the purpose of the study, students of Class 10 studying during the academic sessions 2022 and 2023 in government schools and Saraswati Vidya Mandir schools of Meerut district were selected as the research population. A sample of 200 students was chosen, comprising 100 students from government schools and 100 students from Saraswati Vidya Mandir schools. The descriptive method was used in the study. Data were collected using the Emotional Maturity Scale developed by Dr. Yashveer Singh and Mahesh Bhargava. For the analysis of the collected data, statistical techniques such as mean, standard deviation, and the t-test were employed. After analysis, significant differences were found across various dimensions of emotional maturity. The results revealed that the level of emotional maturity among students of Saraswati Vidya Mandir schools was higher compared to students of government schools. These findings confirm that students’ emotional maturity is influenced by the nature and environment of the school they attend. Based on the educational implications of the study, similar research may be conducted in the future at the primary, upper primary, and undergraduate levels. Furthermore, for healthy emotional development, the creation of a democratic learning environment within both the family and the school is essential.

Abstract in Hindi Language: प्रस्तुत शोध अध्ययन का उद्देश्य सरकारी एंव सरस्वती विद्या मंदिर शिक्षालयो के माध्यमिक स्तर के छात्रों की संवेगात्मक परिक्वता का तुलनात्मक अध्ययन करना है। अध्ययन में मेरठ जनपद के सरकारी तथा सरस्वती विद्या मंदिर शिक्षालयों के सत्र् 2022, 2023 में पठन-पाठनरत कक्षा 10 के विद्यार्थियो को शोध जनसंख्या के रूप में लिया गया है। न्यादर्ष हेतू 200 छात्रों (100 सरकारी शिक्षालयों 100 सरस्वती विद्यामंदिर शिक्षालयों) का चयन किया गया है। शोध में वर्णनात्मक विधि का प्रयोग किया गया है। तथा डॉ॰ यशवीर सिंह एंव महेश भार्गव द्वारा निर्मित संवेगात्मक परिपक्वता मापनी से आकडे संकलित किये गये है। संकलित प्रदत्तों के विश्लेषण हेतू मध्यमान, मानक विचलन, ‘टी’ परीक्षण का प्रयोग किया गया है। अध्ययनोपरान्त् पाया गया कि संवेगात्मक परिवक्ता के विभिन्न आयामों में सार्थक भिन्नता पायी गयी है। परिणामों से ज्ञात हुआ कि सरकारी विद्यालयों की तुलना में सरस्वती विद्या मंदिर शिक्षालयों के छात्रों की संवेगात्मक परिपक्वता का स्तर अधिक पाया गया। यह परिणाम पुष्टि करता है कि छात्रों के संवेगात्मक परिपक्वता उसके विद्यालय के स्वरूप से प्रभावित होती है। शोध के शैक्षिक निहितार्थो के अनुसार भविष्य मे इस प्रकार के अध्ययन प्राथमिक, उच्च प्राथमिक एंव स्नातक स्तर के शिक्षार्थियो पर भी किया जा सकते है। साथ ही संवेगात्मक विकास के लिए परिवार एंव विद्यालय के लोकतान्तिक अधिगम वातावरण का निमार्ण आवश्यक है।

Keywords: सरकारी शिक्षालय, सरस्वती विद्या मंदिर शिक्षालय, माध्यमिक स्तरीय विद्यार्थी संवेगात्मक, परिपक्वता, संवेगात्मक, परिपक्वता के आयाम

The study of Man and Art in Browning's Poems

Iftekhar Ahmed — 2025-12-15

The study of all the major poems of Robert Browning is mainly based on two of the most important subjects namely 'Man' and 'Art' that have been delineated with deft touch with profound as well as optimistic philosophies of the poet through his sublime versification. Browning's looking of Man and Art is somewhat different from the other writers of his era who mostly follow the beaten track in expressing their heartfelt emotions and feelings through their mouthpieces in their works. Browning differs with his contemporaries not in the subject presentation rather with his in depth and insightful study of the human mind and the true worth and place of 'Art' and its real objective. Browning is not interested in expressing mere exterior and superficial matter that can be easily avoided rather he aims to penetrate deeper in the mind of his spokespersons and he critically suggests the role of 'Art' and its greatest objective which leave deep impact upon the minds of the readers. In this article, we are going to study the profound philosophies of Robert Browning focusing on the subject of 'Mind' of the 'Man' and 'Art' as elaborated in his most popular poems.

Leadership and Policy Initiatives in Karnataka: An Historical Overview

Nagesh Shetty — 2025-12-15

From the progressive reforms of the princely state of Mysore to the post-independence democratic framework, Karnataka has been influenced by leaders who emphasized social justice, institutional reform, and economic modernization. The study traces key policy initiatives in areas such as land reforms, education, industrialization, decentralization, and welfare, highlighting the role of leadership in responding to regional needs and national priorities. Special attention is given to Karnataka’s pioneering contributions to Panchayati Raj institutions, cooperative movements, and the promotion of science and technology, which strengthened participatory governance and inclusive growth. By situating leadership and policy initiatives within their historical and socio-political contexts, the article identifies patterns of continuity and change in governance practices. It argues that the interaction between visionary leadership and innovative policy-making has been central to Karnataka’s relatively balanced development and administrative reputation, offering important insights into the dynamics of regional leadership and public policy in India.

Reshaping Higher Education: A Study on Educational Policies and Curriculum Reforms at the Undergraduate Level under National Education Policy (NEP)-2020

Purnima Padi — 2025-12-15

NEP 2020 plays a prime role in exploring multidisciplinary approaches and promoting inclusive education along with fair access to learning resources. The policy focuses on the overall development of students. It has become most demanding at the same time trending and widely discussed educational policies in the 21st century. The title of the paper is “Reshaping Higher Education: A Study on Educational Policies and Curriculum Reforms at the Undergraduate Level under National Education Policy (NEP)-2020”. The paper has three objectives. First, it discuss about the major salient features of the policy on higher education. Second, it examines the various components of curriculum for Four Years Under- Graduate Programme (FYUGP). Finally, it highlights the effects of the curriculum reforms for Four Years Multidisciplinary Undergraduate Programme. The investigator uses secondary sources to analyze and interpret data to address the existing problem. The study shows that Holistic Multidisciplinary approaches, multiple entry/exit with degrees, and set up Research Universities are some key features of NEP 2020 on higher education. The study also looks at the various curriculum components of the FYUGP at the undergraduate level such as languages, AEC, major-specific discipline, internship/project reports, etc. Further, the investigator mentions about impacts of curriculum reforms for FYUGP in higher education like choice and flexibility, technology-based education, and employability, etc.

Beyond Statutory Protection: Evaluating The Effectiveness of The POCSO Act in Balancing Child Safety, Due Process and Victim-Centric Justice in India

Insha Khan — 2025-12-15

The issue of child sexual abuse (CSA) is widely expressed but underreported in India, due to both structural inequalities and patriarchal family structure, stigma of child sexual abuse, and failures in the child protection system. Lack of a child-specific legal framework over the decades led to the absence of a child-focused prosecution based on the general provisions of the Indian Penal Code, which could not address the special vulnerabilities of children and the necessity of child-oriented procedures. With the adoption of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, the legislative landscape to adopt a rights-based and victim-centred approach was changed, where gender-neutral crimes, special courts, reporting requirements, and procedural safeguards were introduced to prioritize the best interests of the child. The adoption of the POCSO Act has produced intricate legal and ethical controversies, even though it was implemented with a progressive objective. One of the key issues is the increasing tension between the need to protect the child well, the constitutional right to due process of the accused and the constraints of providing victim-centred justice in an already overloaded criminal justice system. The assumptions of presumption of guilt, reverse burden of proving, compulsory reporting, and heavy sentence provisions have cast doubts on their proportionality, right to be retried and the danger of over-criminalisation, especially where adolescents are concerned and where the relationship was consensual. The methodology of this paper is both mixed and empirical. The doctrinal part entails critical evaluation of statutory clauses and the constitutional tenets and the judicial interpretations, whilst the empirical part is based on secondary data regarding the official crime statistics, policy reports and selected case laws to gauge the patterns of enforcement and their consequences. The paper concludes that the POCSO Act has enhanced legal acknowledgement of the CSA and increased the visibility of reporting, but its functionality is weakened by the gaps in implementations, bureaucracy, the lack of institutional readiness, and the absence of due process issues. The paper observes that the absence of subtle judicial discretion, a reinforced system of victim support and reforms that are sensitive to the context, the Act risks focusing on punitive symbolism at the expense of substantive and equitable justice.

Adaptation Strategies Adopted by Farm Women for Climate Change

Anubhuti Pandey — 2025-12-15

Climate change represents a multifaceted global challenge that affects diverse environmental components and significantly influences human lifestyles. Adaptation to climate change involves a two-step process, wherein individuals—particularly farmers—must first perceive changes in climatic conditions and subsequently respond through appropriate adaptive actions. Within this context, women play a multidimensional and vital role in the sustainable development of the economy through their contributions to both household and agricultural activities. The present study sought to examine the adaptation strategies adopted by farm women in response to climate change in the Bikaner district of Rajasthan. A sample of 280 farm women was selected for the present descriptive study. The findings revealed that the overall level of adaptation strategies employed by farm women—pertaining to agricultural crops, financial management, family management, soil and water conservation, and livestock management—fell within the medium category. Furthermore, a positive and significant relationship was observed between adaptation strategies and several independent variables, including age, education, family occupation, farm size, livestock (number, type, and experience), annual family income, farming experience, mass media utilization, contact with extension personnel, and social participation at the 0.05 level of significance. In contrast, caste, family size, and family type were found to have no significant relationship with adaptation strategies.

War without End: Trauma, Flashbacks, and Fragmented Memory in Vietnam War Literature

Deepak Rawal — 2025-12-15

Vietnam War literature is the portrayal of the war not as something over with but as an indefinite war, which is still remembered, experienced, and a part of one’s identity. The present paper will focus on the role of trauma, fragmented memory, and flashbacks as main narrative techniques in the Vietnam War writing, based on both the American and the Vietnamese point of view. Based on such central texts like The Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien, A Rumor of War by Philip Caputo, The Sorrow of War by Bao Ninh and The Gangster We Are All Looking For by Le Thi Diem Thuy, the paper examines how non-linear representation, silence, repetition and discontinuous storytelling reflect the disrupted consciousness of post-traumatic survivors. The paper emphasizes the role of the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), moral ambiguity, inherited trauma and the environmental destruction especially the trail of the Agent Orange, to project the war effects both across time and space. Through foregrounding civilian suffering, refugee displacement and postmemory as well as veteran experiences, the analysis questions the heroic war operantization and focuses on the role of literature in being a kind of psychological and cultural witnessing.

An Evaluation of Educational Facilities Available for Tribal Children in Thrissur District of Kerala

P. V. Vinithamol — 2025-12-15

There are different tribal groups in Kerala, and they constitute less than 1.5 per cent of the total population of the state. In Thrissur district, it is less than 1 per cent in district-wise analysis. Among the five Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG), Kadar is one of the groups (Kochin Kadar), and the majority of them are living in Thrissur district, and the rest of them are in Palakkad district. This conceptual study mainly focuses on the available educational facilities for tribes and issues such as the low literacy level of the tribal community and the high dropout rate in Thrissur district. The secondary data used for the evaluation are collected from various sources such as published and unpublished government documents, research studies, articles, news, and other sources.

From Hashtags to Hate: X’s Role in Fomenting Nationalist Sentiment During the India-Pakistan War

Jaydeb Ghosh Chowdhuri — 2025-12-15

Geopolitical tension triggers hate speech to flare on social media anyway. We study the 2025 India–Pakistan War as a case for analysis of the way hate speech on X (formerly Twitter) grew during and became more hateful as the conflict progressed. We crawled a huge dataset of war related content posted by Indian and Pakistani users, spread in pre-war buildup, the active hostilities and in the immediate aftermath. Applying cutting-edge hate speech detection and sentiment analysis methodologies, we found over 60,000 hateful posts (around 12% of the data set) and followed their emotional tone and trajectory. There is a clear surge in hate around India-pakistan’s sensitive events-blame and retribution after a terror strike, nationalism fuelled mood and comment during a military operation and continued acrimony during a ceasefire. Indian and Pakistani cyberspaces expressed different narrative frames— from Indian users’ patriotic indignation and anti-terrorist hashtags to the defiant irony and conspiracy-laden hashtags of Pakistani users— but the two came together to contribute to a very toxic digital atmosphere. These developments highlight the extent to which social media has evolved into a highly charged digital battlefield for stoking inter-state hatreds. The article fills previous methodological lacunae by broadening the range of researched data, taking a multilingual approach to the analysis and by situating interpretations within a conflict and communication perspective. From here, we consider theoretical implications of this work for online hate as an affective phenomenon in conflict and recommend actions for platforms and policy-makers to reduce tangible risks involving real-world hate speech magnified by international crises.

Reasons for supporting girls’ education

Jutimali Saikia — 2025-12-15

Education plays a crucial role in individual development and social progress, particularly in empowering women and promoting gender equality. Educating girls not only improves their personal opportunities but also contributes significantly to the well-being of families, communities and the nation as a whole. This study examines the importance of women’s education and highlights the major reasons for supporting girls’ education in society. The research is based on secondary data collected from books, journals, reports and other reliable sources. The analysis shows that women’s education has improved considerably in India over time, yet a significant gender gap still exists in literacy and educational participation. Educating girls contributes to socio-economic development, reduction in poverty, improved health outcomes, decreased child marriage and increased participation of women in decision-making and political processes. The study also emphasizes the role of recent policy initiatives such as the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 in promoting inclusive and equitable education for girls. Overall, the study concludes that educating girls is essential for sustainable development, social transformation and the creation of a progressive and equitable society.

Importance of Technology in Sociology

Vinay Prabha Minj — 2025-12-15

In modern sociology, the study of technology has become extremely important for understanding social structure, social behavior, and social change. Technology is not merely a tool or a machine; rather, it is a dynamic social force that influences economic, political, cultural, and family structures. It highlights the reciprocal and co-evolutionary relationship between society and technological innovations, in which the needs and values of society determine the direction of technological development, while technological changes reshape social behavior, institutions, and lifestyles. Technology has accelerated processes such as economic productivity, employment generation, digital education, e-commerce, online communication, and global cultural exchange. At the same time, it has also created challenges such as social inequality, the digital divide, cultural homogenization, and environmental crises. In sociology, technology has opened new possibilities for understanding social trends more accurately through the adoption of modern tools for research methodology, data collection, and analysis. This study makes it clear that establishing a balanced and responsible relationship between society and technology is essential to ensure social development, cultural preservation, economic progress, and environmental sustainability.

Abstract in Hindi Language: आधुनिक समाजशास्त्र में प्रौद्योगिकी का अध्ययन समाज की संरचना, सामाजिक व्यवहार और परिवर्तन को समझने के लिए अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण हो गया है। प्रौद्योगिकी केवल उपकरण या यंत्र नहीं है, बल्कि यह एक गतिशील सामाजिक शक्ति है जो आर्थिक, राजनीतिक, सांस्कृतिक और पारिवारिक संरचनाओं को प्रभावित करती है। यह समाज और तकनीकी नवाचारों के बीच परस्पर और सह-विकास संबंध को उजागर करती है, जिसमें समाज की आवश्यकताएँ और मूल्य तकनीकी विकास की दिशा निर्धारित करते हैं, और तकनीकी परिवर्तन समाज के व्यवहार, संस्थाओं और जीवनशैली को पुनर्गठित करते हैं। प्रौद्योगिकी ने आर्थिक उत्पादकता, रोजगार सृजन, डिजिटल शिक्षा, ई-कॉमर्स, ऑनलाइन संचार और वैश्विक सांस्कृतिक आदान-प्रदान जैसी प्रक्रियाओं को तीव्र गति दी है। इसके साथ ही सामाजिक असमानता, डिजिटल डिवाइड, सांस्कृतिक समरूपता और पर्यावरणीय संकट जैसी चुनौतियाँ भी उत्पन्न हुई हैं। समाजशास्त्र में प्रौद्योगिकी ने अनुसंधान पद्धतियों, डेटा संग्रह और विश्लेषण के आधुनिक उपकरणों को अपनाने के माध्यम से सामाजिक प्रवृत्तियों को अधिक सटीक रूप में समझने की संभावनाएँ प्रदान की हैं। इस अध्ययन से स्पष्ट होता है कि समाज और प्रौद्योगिकी के बीच संतुलित और जिम्मेदाराना संबंध स्थापित करना अति आवश्यक है ताकि सामाजिक विकास, सांस्कृतिक संरक्षण, आर्थिक प्रगति और पर्यावरणीय स्थिरता को सुनिश्चित किया जा सके।

Keywords: समाजशास्त्र, प्रौद्योगिकी, सामाजिक परिवर्तन, डिजिटल डिवाइड, सांस्कृतिक परिवर्तन, आर्थिक विकास, और सामाजिक संस्थाएँ

Multiple Intelligences in Higher Education: A Study of Undergraduate Students

Abhijit Biswas — 2025-12-15

The present study examined the multiple intelligence profiles of undergraduate students in West Bengal and explored differences based on gender and academic stream. A descriptive survey method was used, and a sample of 187 undergraduate students from Arts, Science, and Commerce streams was selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a Multiple Intelligence Test and analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, and ANOVA. The findings revealed a moderate level of overall multiple intelligence (M = 96.95, SD = 17.41) among students. Intrapersonal and Spatial intelligences showed the highest mean scores, while Musical and Logical intelligences recorded comparatively lower scores. Significant gender differences were found in Logical, Bodily–Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, and overall multiple intelligence, where male students scored higher. Significant differences were also observed among academic streams in Logical, Spatial, and overall multiple intelligence, with Science students obtaining the highest mean scores. The results highlight the importance of adopting diverse and student-centered teaching strategies in higher education to address different intelligence strengths and support holistic student development.